Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1105 Words

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. Human Resource Managers are directly responsible for the engagement, involvement, and productivity of their staff members. To fully integrate an organization manager have a significant role in the recruitment process of a business. Human Resource Management managers are responsible for the development and retention of their employees. The Human Resource Management department is also responsible for the functions and tasks of outsourcing numerous mechanisms to outside contractors and merchants. The outsourcing tasks are to find Human Resource undertakings that deliver the greatest strategic assessment to the company. This task involves payroll functions, but vendors and external advisors can assist an association with Human Resource Management. For example, background checking, sexual harassment training, provisional recruitment, and the manufacture of employee handbooks, policy instruction booklets, and affirmative action procedures. The human resources department s importance in anShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tool s, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, political and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1142 Words   |  5 Pageshe HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discussRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interestsRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential to eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm ) Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. ConsequentlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm )1229 Words   |  5 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. HRM sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. Meaning, it’s where total processes are created for the

The Controversy Of The Dakota Access Pipeline - 1258 Words

The Dakota Access Pipeline has been the main focus of attention within the last year. To understand how and why this pipeline is at the heart of such heated debate, it is important to explain what the pipeline is for. The Dakota Access Pipeline is an underground pipe that is funded and paid for with TAXPAYERS MONEY and carries crude oil from North Dakota to Illinois. Crude oil is currently transported by way of railroads and trucks, which in recent times is noticeably becoming more problem some. The debate centers over how productive this pipeline will be and are the risks worth it. The suggested answer to this question is the benefits of this pipeline will not out way the risk. There are many factors that are given to support this point†¦show more content†¦It is important to note over time metal rust, and the constant pumping of crude oil through the pipelines will eventually overtime causes the pipes to rupture and break apart. Anything made by man is able to be destroyed , whether by man themselves or by nature. Now there are supporters of the Dakota Access Pipeline that believe the environmental risks are just possibilities that warrant a close watch on the pipeline and not the total halt of its construction. However, there is a prime example that shows what could happen with the Dakota Access Pipeline, case in point, the Keystone XL Pipeline. The Keystone XL Pipeline was commissioned in 2010 and runs from Canada all the way to Texas. The previous pipeline, Keystone, faced some of the same opposition and problems. It was being said at the time that the Keystone Pipeline would increase greenhouse gas emission and that will further affect and advance global warming issues that our planet already faces, which it did. According to usanews, â€Å"After being commissioned in 2010, it reportedly recorded 35 leaks in its first year alone, including a spill of 21,000 gallons of oil in North Dakota† (Neuhauser, 2016). Another example would be the BP Oil spill that still to this day, affecting marine and mammal life. It becomes clear that these risk become eminent and the construction of any future pipeline warrants great consideration. In addition, there has to be someShow MoreRelatedThe North Dakota Pipeline : Oil1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe North Dakota Pipeline Oil has been an important resource of energy in America â€Å"since the discovery of the Spindletop geyser in 1901. It drove huge growth in the oil industry in America. Within a year, more than 1,500 oil companies had been chartered, and oil became the dominant fuel of the 20th century and an integral part of the American economy† (History.com Staff). This had developed the construction of pipelines to move the oil within the country and offshore in coastal waters. Recently,Read MoreThe State Of Pipelines And The Keystone Xl And Dakota Access Pipeline Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesStates, there is a controversy on how safe pipelines are for the environment and whether we should approve the construction of pipelines, such as the Keystone XL and Dakota Access. This is a problem that we are experiencing in today’s world. To fix this issue we should better educate people on the risks that are decreased by hauling crude oil through pipelines instead of hauling by rail an d trucks. There are many people who feel very passionately about the construction of the pipelines, and a minuteRead MorePipelines And Its Effects On The Environment And The Economy Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesPipelines in the U.S. and Their Effects on the Environment and the Economy In the United States, there is a controversy on how safe pipelines are for the environment and whether or not we should approve the construction of pipelines, such as the Keystone XL. This is a problem that we are experiencing in today’s world. To fix this issue we should better educate people on the risks that are decreased by hauling crude oil through pipelines instead of hauling by rail and trucks. There are many peopleRead MoreDakota Access Pipeline Protest Movement1743 Words   |  7 Pages Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Movement Introduction Civil societies are voluntary social institutions and organizations that are separate from the government and the market where a community of citizens are able to come together and pursue their shared common interest. They are beneficial to the community as well as the broader society as civil societies ultimately promote progressive policies, nurture positive social norms that encourage stability, and advocates accountability and checks againstRead MorePipelines Vs The People . The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe1904 Words   |  8 PagesPipelines vs The People The Standing Rock Sioux tribe in North Dakota has made headlines throughout the US because of their reaction to what they feel is a threat to not only their sacred lands but also the water source of the whole tribe, along with many others. The construction of an oil pipeline going through North and South Dakota while going under the Missouri River has caused this major controversy. This pipeline that is soon being built has been a project that was halted before by the pastRead MoreThe North Dakota Oil Pipeline Essay2169 Words   |  9 PagesThe North Dakota oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline project, is a controversial underground pipeline development in the United States initiated in the year 2014. It is an access pipeline scheme approximated to run over 1,172 miles or 1886 km underground with 30-inch diameter pipeline from the Bakken oil field in North Dakota to Patoka in Illinois. The plan of the project is that the construction should be in a somewhat straight line from North Dakota, through South Dakota, Iowa to IllinoisRead MoreDakota Access Pipeline Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment is digging up their sacred lands and farms to build a pipeline. The Dakota Access Pipeline was proposed in 2014 as a method of transportation for domestically produced crude oil. It is planned to run from North Dakota, through South Dakota and Iowa, arriving in Illinois. The pipeline is an efficient means of transportation of this oil, but the negatives outweigh the positives. The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe says the pipeline is passing through some of their lands. The tribe also claims theRead MoreThe North Dakota Oil Pipeline Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesThe North Dakota oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline project, is a controversial underground pipeline development in the United States initiated in the year 2014. It is an access pipeline scheme approximated to run over 1,172 miles or 1886 km underground with 30-inch diameter pipeline from the Bakken oil field in North Dakota to Patoka in Illinois. The plan of the project is that the construction should be in a somewhat straight line from North Dakota, through South Dakota, Iowa t o IllinoisRead MoreDakota Access Pipeline : A Long Battle1760 Words   |  8 PagesDakota Access Pipeline The Dakota Access Pipeline has been a long battle. The company that started the project, Energy Transfer Partners, are one of the key players. They have ensured Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, another key player, that the pipeline will be safe for the environment. If that is true, why are the tribe still fighting it today. For the purpose of this analysis, it will prove how aggressively the company is, how they trampled over Native Americans to get their pipeline built, and howRead MoreThe Dakota Access Pipeline ( Dapl )1809 Words   |  8 Pages The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) is an underground oil pipeline that is going to transport oil across several states. Many people are currently protesting the pipeline saying that it will cause many problems. Due to the fact that many pipelines have already leaked thousands of liters of oil in previous cases, locals are protesting strongly against the DAPL. The pipeline would be passing right under Lake Oahe, which they say is the water suppl y for local Native Americans. What they do not realize

The Relationship Between Acculturation And Social Identity Education Essay Free Essays

string(292) " writes in Linguistic Across Culture that civilization is synonymous with the â€Å" ways of people † ; Chastain \( 1988:302 \) defines civilization as â€Å" the manner people live † and, harmonizing to Brown \( 2000:176 \) , civilization is â€Å" a manner of life † \." This text explains about the relationship between socialization and societal individuality of EFL scholars. Culture and societal individuality are closely connected to each other and it is so of import to pay attending plenty to them. I think the acquisition of 2nd linguistic communication requires cultural every bit good as lingual competency every bit good as unrecorded within cultural context. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Acculturation And Social Identity Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now By socialization, we mean the internal procedures of alteration that immigrant experience when they come into direct contact with the members of other civilization. The other point is about societal individuality theory states that people think, feel, and act as members of collative groups and civilizations. So, in this text I briefly explicate about these two of import factors in the procedure of EFL scholars. Introduction: Culture in 2nd linguistic communication instruction and learning indentifies excessively many aspects of civilization that influence SL scholars and instructors. It addresses the impact of civilization to interact, talk, build significance and write in a 2nd linguistic communication, while remaining within the socioculture paradigms particular to a peculiar linguistic communication and its talkers. ( Hinkle, 1999 ) I think through the survey of other linguistic communications, pupils gain cognition and apprehension of the civilizations that use that linguistic communication ; in fact pupils can non truly maestro the linguistic communication until they have besides mastered the cultural contexts in which the linguistic communication occurs. Actually, a scholar does non truly larn a linguistic communication absolutely unless he/she learn about the civilization of mark linguistic communication. So, I think the of import point is that, all pupils and scholars must pay attending plenty to this point. Linguists and anthropologists have long recognized that the signifiers and utilizations of a given linguistic communication reflect the cultural values of the society in which the linguistic communication is spoken. So, in my sentiment societal individuality of scholars can be made through this procedure. Linguistic competency entirely is non plenty for scholars of a linguistic communication to be competent in that linguistic communication ( Krasner, 1999 ) . Language scholars need to be cognizant, for illustration, of the culturally appropriate ways to turn to people, express gratitude, make petitions, and agree or disagree with person. They should cognize that behaviours and modulation forms that are appropriate in their ain address community may be perceived otherwise by members of the mark linguistic communication address community. They have to understand that, in order for communicating to be successful, linguistic communication usage must be associated with other culturally ap propriate behaviour. So, in my sentiment they should see plenty to the function of societal individuality and societal behaviour of themselves. In differentiation with personal individuality, societal individuality is basically a sense of belonging to a group, whether it is cultural, national, lingual, cultural or professional. All of these countries, among others, consist of the different constituents of our societal individuality. They can besides be referred to as different societal individualities. So, 2nd linguistic communication acquisition involves the acquisition of a 2nd individuality. This creative activity of a new individuality is at the bosom of civilization acquisition, or what some might name socialization. ( Brown, 2000 ) . This term can be defined loosely as the alteration that accurs within an person based on his or her interaction within two distinguishable civilizations. more specifically, Sam and Berry ( 1995 ) defined socialization E? as a construct used to mention to behavioural and psychological alterations that occur as a consequence of contact between people belonging to different civilization groups.E? ( p.10 ) Body: Models of Socialization: Based on thoughts proposed in some research ( e.g. , Berry, 1970 ; Sommerlad A ; Berry, 1970 ) , Sayegh and Lasry ( 1993 ) outlined three theoretical theoretical accounts for understanding the procedure of socialization: additive, bidimensional, and extraneous. Linear ( besides referred to as unidimensional ) theoretical accounts imply that the socialization position of immigrants is divided into two classs. In one class, the cultural values and beliefs of the group dissolve, or assimilate, into the host civilization. In contrast, persons in the other class retain their value system and independency, therefore being â€Å" marginalized as inassimilable † ( Sayegh A ; Lasry, 1993 ) . In contrast, bidimensional theoretical accounts suggest that there is an interaction between the dimension of cultural or cultural individuality care and the dimension of dealingss between civilizations or groups. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, four possible manners of socialization are possible: assimilation, integrating, marginalisation, and separation. Assimilation describes when an person from the cultural minority identifies wholly and entirely with the dominant or host civilization while rejecting their cultural individuality. Integration implies a province in which an person from the cultural minority retains strong traditions of their cultural group but besides identifies good with the dominant civilization. Marginalization refers to the happening of an cultural minority group rejecting or being uninvolved with either their cultural civilization or the dominant civilization. Separation is a theoretical account by which the cultural minority group identifies merely with their cultural group while excepting interaction with the dominant civilization. So, these classification must take into history. Definition of Culture: The National Center for Cultural Competence defines civilization as an â€Å" incorporate form of human behaviour that includes ideas, communications, linguistic communications, patterns, beliefs, values, imposts, courtesies, rites, manners of interacting and functions, relationships and expected behaviours of a racial, cultural, spiritual or societal group ; and the ability to convey the above to wining coevalss † ( Goode, Sockalingam, Brown, A ; Jones, 2000 ) . In its broadcast significance, civilization is a humanly created environment for all our ideas and actions. ( Tepperman et al 1994:1 ) .This is something all worlds portion and what distinguishes us from the carnal universe. After reexamining some paper, I realized that for many people, civilization would intend art, literature, imposts and mundane life peculiar to a certain group.However, civilization besides include unseeable characteristics like beliefs, values, norms and attitudes. The anthropological definition of civilization is besides shared by the other bookmans of the other Fieldss, including that of language.Lado ( 1986:52 ) writes in Linguistic Across Culture that civilization is synonymous with the â€Å" ways of people † ; Chastain ( 1988:302 ) defines civilization as â€Å" the manner people live † and, harmonizing to Brown ( 2000:176 ) , civilization is â€Å" a manner of life † . You read "The Relationship Between Acculturation And Social Identity Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Goals of learning and learning civilization: When the chief purpose of foreign linguistic communication instruction is to develop pupils ‘ ability to pass on efficaciously and suitably in assorted state of affairss, the instruction of civilization should ease intercultural communicating and understanding.Seelye formulates what he himself calls a ace end for the instruction of civilization: † All pupils will develop the cultural apprehension, attitudes, and public presentation accomplishments needed to work suitably within a section of another society and to pass on with the people socialized in that civilization. â€Å" ( Seelye 1993:29 ) Chastain ( 1988:299-300 ) adds that in linguistic communication categories where intercultural apprehension is one of the ends, pupils become more cognizant of their ain civilization and knowing about the foreign civilization. In such categories, pupils learn to acknowledge cultural forms of behaviour and communicating and map within the parametric quantities with those new outlooks. They learn that civilization daze is a normal reaction, and they anticipate ways to cover with new and uncomfortable state of affairss. The hope is that they will develop a greater tolerance for those whose values, attitudes, and beliefs are different from their and that they will larn to pull off alteration and growing successfully in their life-time ( Damen, 1987 ) . Tomalin and Stempleski ( 1993:7-8 ) have modified See lye ‘s ends of cultural direction.According to them, the instruction of civilization should assist pupils: aˆ?to develop an apprehension of the fact that all people exhibit culturally-conditioned behaviours aˆ?to develop an apprehension that societal variables such as age, sex, societal category, and topographic point of abode influence the manner in which people speak and behave aˆ?to go more cognizant of conventional behaviour in common state of affairss in the mark civilization aˆ?to increase their consciousness of the cultural intensions of words and phrases in the mark linguistic communication aˆ?to develop the ability to measure and polish generalisations about the mark civilization, in footings of back uping grounds aˆ?to develop the necessary accomplishments to turn up and form information about the mark civilization aˆ?to stimulate pupils ‘ rational wonder about the mark civilization, and to promote empathy towards its people So, I think by utilizing these of import points, the pupils gain an of import end that may take them to be better in future. Specifying a cultural course of study: After reexamining some paper, all of them explains about an of import point which is that, cultural course of study. So, I feel it is better to advert here about that.The cultural course of study can be defined and classified utilizing different classs such as subjects, subject countries, and component of civilization and so on. Subjects for learning civilization: The easiest manner to plan a cultural course of study is to roll up a list of subjects that are thought to be of import for or of involvement to pupil. Brooks ( 1986:124-128 ) represented his list including 62 subjects. For illustration music, repasts, medical specialty, festivals, avocations, athleticss, callings etc. However, I think, he claims that such a list is in no manner thorough and stesses that the scholars ‘ age and demands should be considered. Chastain ( 1988:303-304 ) likewise to Brooks claims that pupils can add subjects with which they want to go familiar. In his list there are 37 subjects, including household, place, money, faith, vacation, apparels, good manners and non-verbal communicating. Chosen subjects can be grouped in to countries or classs. Stern ( 1992:219-222 ) emphasizes six classs which an mean linguistic communication scholar is likely to necessitate topographic points, single individuals and manner of life, people and society in general, history, establishments and, fainally art, music, literature and other accomplishments. In syllabus design Stern suggests that instructors should do a pick of a peculiar state where the linguistic communication is spoken. Hasselgreen ( 2003:47-52 ) suggests a list of classs. These classs are based on pupil ‘ essay and hence, see their involvements. The subjects are centered on scholars ‘ intercultural abilities. These are: the ability of get bying with day-to-day life activities, traditions and populating conditions, the ability to cover with societal conventions, assurance with the values, beliefs and attitudes of the foreign linguistic communication users, the ability to utilize verbal communicating agencies and in conclusion, the ability to utilize non-verbal linguistic communication ( e.g. , body linguistic communication and facial looks ) . Wayss of Teaching Culture: Authenticity of stuff: These experiences are valuable for cultural understanding merely in so far as the duologue or dramatic reading dependably reflects behaviour in the mark civilization. Some text editions begin with duologues which reflect common, mundane experience of the pupils in their native civilization, on the rules that they will non happen this confusing since they recognize a familiar state of affairs behind the unusual signifiers. ( Wilga M.1981:327 ) Displaies, postings, bulletin boards, maps and realia can make a ocular and touchable presence of the other clture.students can besides do civilization wall charts which Hughes calls this technique the cultural island. Using reliable beginnings from the native address community helps to prosecute pupils in reliable cultural experiences. Furthermore ; there are many attacks which are utile for instructors in order to assist them to learn the 2nd civilization efficaciously. The cultural aside is likely the most widely used attack to the instruction of civilization.A cultural aside is an unplanned, brief civilization remark. During the category, the instructor normally takes advantage of relevant subjects as they arise to give the pupils spots of cultural information. For illustration if the pupils have the word java, the instructor can distinguish between the java rummy in their state and that of the 2nd civilization and where and when people usually drink coffee. ( Chastain,1988:309 ) . Nostrand ( 1974:298 ) calls the technique an incidental remark. I think this technique can be utile for pupils. Another technique is slice-life which foremost suggested by Taylor in 1972 ; besides offered by Chastain in 1988 and Stern in 1992 is a technique when the instructor chooses a little section of life from the 2nd civilization that is presented to the pupils at the beginning or terminal of the category period. ( Taylor 1972 ) . The cultural learner is a brief description of a critical incident of cross-cultural interaction that may be misinterpreted by pupils. ( Henrichsen, 1998 ) .Cultural learners were originally designed for fixing Peace Corp voluntaries for life in a foreign environment. ( Austere 1992:223 ) . The civilization Capsule is besides used to learn civilization. It is a brief description of one facet of the 2nd civilization followed by a treatment of the contrasts between the civilizations of the first and 2nd linguistic communications ( Chastain 1988:310 ) The typical behaviour of a talker of the linguistic communication in a specific state of affairs is analyzed into constituent parts about which the pupils are informed in several civilization capsules. These capsules are classroom presentations of the constituents of the behaviour through the screening of images or through action with any necessary cultural objects. Subsequently, the pupils act out a scene into which is integrated what they have learned in the capsules. ( Wilga, 1981:329 ) . Some instructors use mini play to assist pupils visualise civilization content. Harmonizing to Chastain ( 1988 ) in this attack pupils incorporate the civilization being learned into their actions as they perform in selected state of affairss. See lye ( 1993:71 ) stresses that the instructor has to set up a non-judgment ambiance during the treatment. It is besides of import for the instructor to utilize the right inquiries. Another technique for learning civilization is self-awareness technique. It serves to raise to consciousness those basic beliefs that govern their values, attitudes, and actions and to enable pupils to get down to understand the function of civilization in society and in single lives. Teachers may utilize sensitiveness exercising, self-assessment questionnaires, job resolution, profiles of personal attitudes, checklists of value orientations, or listening to the sentiments of others as a agency of increasing their consciousness of their ain cultural orientation ( Damen, 1987 ) . Chastain claims that the manner people use the 2nd linguistic communication to show themselves reflects the manner they organize world and instructors can research the linguistic communication and civilization connexions that occur in category. Film and telecasting sections offer pupils an chance to witness behaviours that are non obvious in texts. Film is frequently one of the more current and comprehensive ways to encapsulate the expression, feel, and beat of a civilization. Film besides connects pupils with linguistic communication and cultural issues at the same time ( Stephens, 2001 ) , such as picturing colloquial timing or turn-taking in conversation. Harmonizing to Wilga ( 1981 ) vocals, dances, images, advertizements utilizing the Bulletin Board, intelligence, are besides utile activities which help instructors to learn civilization in category. So by utilizing these techniques, the scholars who are immigrants and travel into another state, can ease their capabality in order to go familiar with civilization of another state. After a piece, their socail individuality will determine their personality, so these two of import factors can be matched through utilizing these techniques. Decision: Here, I want to reason some subdivision. As an of import point, the thought of teaching civilization is nil new to 2nd linguistic communication instructors. In many instances, learning civilization has meant concentrating a few lessons on vacations, customary vesture, common people vocals, and nutrient. While these subjects may be utile, without a broader context or frame they offer small in the manner of enriching lingual or societal insight-especially if a end of linguistic communication direction is to enable pupils to work efficaciously in another linguistic communication and society. After reading some documents, if I want to look critically to this point, understanding the cultural context of daily colloquial conventions such as salutations, farewells, signifiers of reference, thanking, doing petitions, and giving or having regards means more than merely being able to bring forth grammatical sentences. I think it means cognizing what is appropriate to state to whom, and in what state of affairss, and it means understanding the beliefs and values represented by the assorted signifiers and uses of the linguistic communication. Culture must be to the full incorporated as a critical constituent of linguistic communication acquisition. Second linguistic communication instructors should place cardinal cultural points in every facet of the linguistic communication that they teach. Students can be successful in talking a 2nd linguistic communication merely if cultural issues are an built-in portion of the course of study. And the last point is that, Acculturation should be achieved as integrating, which means that both ain civilization and host civilization are seen as possessing value as themselves. Acculturation and societal individuality so are closely connected to each other. How to cite The Relationship Between Acculturation And Social Identity Education Essay, Essay examples

Overpopulation Outline free essay sample

India and China struggle with educating their young children, while in some area’s in America children as young as six months are beginning to learn basic language and mathematics. 4. Densely populated countries like India and China have so many people that some of populace simply fall through the cracks. In America, while the education system is not perfect, most children under sixteen are in school. For a child to be aloud by his or her parents to stop attending school is against the law. 5. Children attending school in the United States have the advantage of a 15. :1 student-teacher ratio in public schools and 12. 5:1 ratio in private schools. China’s ratio is closer to 18:1 and India hits an astounding While the US, India, and China all have high percentages of two parents working households, the pre-kinder kids in both India and China are not receiving the same attention to preschool education as the children in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page C. With the overabundance of people in India and China, childhood traumas are not treated the same as in America. 7. In overpopulated countries struggling to feed all their people, proper sychological treatment for children who have gone through shocks and distress is low on the list. 8. Some experts think that America tends to overdramatize some traumas in children. Overall children can bounce back and suppress many things unless they are constantly brought up over and over to be sure that a child is coping. This sometimes produced handicaps in adults that would otherwise have not been there. 9. In countries such as India and China where there are so many people to compete with to stand out, family pressures on children to be great result in high suicide rates.

Hr Restructuring Trends free essay sample

A number of firms are changing the way the functions are performed. For example, some companies are restructuring HR for reasons, such as time pressures, financial considerations, and market pressures. This restructuring often results in a shift in terms of who performs each function. Organizations still perform the majority of a firm’s HR functions inside the firm. Adjusting to HR restructuring trends—who performs the human resource management tasks? 2. The traditional human resource manager continues to be in place in most organizations, but some organizations are also using shared service centers, outsourcing, and line managers to assist in the delivery of human resources to better accomplish organizational objectives. Additionally, the size of some HR departments is getting smaller because certain functions are now being accomplished by others. This shift permits the HR managers to focus on more strategic and mission-oriented activities. a. The Human Resource Manager. An individual who normally acts in an advisory or staff capacity, working with other managers to help them deal with human resource matters. We will write a custom essay sample on Hr Restructuring Trends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One general trend is that HR personnel are servicing an increasing number of employees. The human resource manager is primarily responsible for coordinating the management of human resources to help the organization achieve its goals. There is a shared responsibility between line managers and human resource professionals. b. Shared Service Centers. Take routine, transaction-based activities that are dispersed throughout the organization and consolidate them in one place. . Outsourcing Firms. The process of transferring responsibility for an area of service and its objectives to an external provider. The main reason for this movement was to reduce transaction time, but other benefits include cost reductions and quality improvements. Companies found that administrative, repetitive tasks are often performed in a more cost-effective manner by external sources. d. Line Managers. Line managers, by the nature of their jobs, are involved with human resources. Line managers in certain firms are being used more to deliver HR services. When implemented, this change reduces the size of the HR department. e. Decentralization. In the traditional organizational structure, most major decisions are made at the top and implemented at lower levels. It is not uncommon for these organizations to centralize major functions, such as human resources, marketing, and production, in a single location (typically corporate headquarters) that serves as the firms command center. Multiple layers of management are generally used to execute orders issued at the top and to control the lower ranks from above i. e. in hierarchal order. Since the late 1980s, many companies have instituted massive layoffs of middle managers, whose traditional role of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling has come to be equated with the kind of cumbersome bureaucracy that prevents businesses from responding to market forces. It is estimated that two thirds of the jobs eliminated in the 1990s were supervisory/middle management jobs. New relationships among firms are also fostering hybrid organizational structures and the blending of firms with diverse histories and labor forces. Mergers and acquisitions, in hich formerly independent organizations come together as a single entity, represent two important sources of restructuring. A newer and rapidly growing form of inter organizational bonding comes in the form of joint ventures, alliances, and collaborations among firms that remain independent, yet work together on specific products to spread costs and risks. To be successful, organizational restructuring requires effecti ve management of human resources. For instance, flattening the organization requires careful examination of staffing demands, workflows, communication channels, training needs, and so on.

Managing a Retailers Finances

Managing a Retailers Finances The merchandise budget The merchandise budget is a clear plan of the sales anticipated by a retailer over a given period in the future. The merchandise budget influences the amount of commodities to be purchased by the retailing company. It also highlights the possible reductions and markups that the company might have to embrace.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing a Retailer’s Finances specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The merchandising budget should be prepared after considering the anticipated sales, the stock on hand, and the required gross margins for the company to attain higher profits. The language of the budget should be clear, and the budget must be based on a specific timeline. For instance, most retail firms create a six-month merchandising budget. The variables contained in a merchandise budget include the planned sales, planned BOM and EOM inventories, and the retail reductions. The budget m ust also contain the purchases at retail and cost, as well as the planned gross margins of the buyer. Retail accounting statements There are three retail accounting statements. These include the income statement, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flow. The income statement highlights the profit or loss made by the company over a given period. The balance sheet is a financial statement that highlights the company’s liabilities, assets, and shareholder’s equity at a given time. The assets must balance with the liabilities and the equity held by the shareholders. The cash flow statement breaks down the effects of different financial activities on the cash available for the retail company. Inventory valuation Inventory valuation entails calculating all the costs involved in the process of placing the items in the inventory in place. There are two methods of accounting inventory systems, and these include the cost method and the retail method. Inventory valuation als o includes inventory pricing systems, which may follow the first-in-first-out (FIFO) procedure or the last-in-first-out (LIFO) strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Merchandise buying and handling Steps in Merchandise buying and handling The first step is identifying the most viable sources of supply. This involves identifying the best manufacturers. The second step involves contacting the suppliers. The third step entails conducting an evaluation of the prospective suppliers. This process results in the identification of the best supplier. The fourth step entails negotiations on prices and services associated with delivery. The last step is the purchasing process, which entails making payments and receiving the merchandise on the part of the retailer (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Dollar-merchandise planning Dollar merchandise planning influences the allocation of cash in the company because it determines the best way to balance the stock and sales. The plan highlights the desirable rate of spending for the company (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Dollar-merchandise control The retailer must control the dollar plan by limiting the commitments on merchandise that would exceed the dollar amount that the buyer can safely spend. Dollar-merchandise control ensures that the retailer sticks to the merchandise budget prepared at the beginning of a given period of business (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Inventory planning Inventory planning is a vital process in retailing because it involves the alignment of the quantity, timing, sales, and production capacity of the inventory. This process facilitates effective control of the profit margins of the company and the cash flow system (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Selection of merchandise source The selection of a merchandise source determines the cost of the inventory, and the profit margins for the reta iler. It is important to select a merchandise source based on affordability and reliability of the source (Dunne, Lusch Carver, 2013). Retailers can acquire their merchandise from different manufacturers; hence, there must be a comprehensive system to manage the supply chain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing a Retailer’s Finances specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vendor negotiations Vendor negotiations entail discussions on the price of the merchandise and delivery information between the retailer and the potential suppliers. This process facilitates a ground for bargaining between the involved suppliers and the retailer. Item creation and location Item creation involves the development of a unique tag on the items in the inventory that can be used to identify the items. Retailers must create items and feed the data to the inventory database for reference. The items should also indicate their specific location in the stores for easy access during the process of taking the inventory. Replenishment and in-store handling If the retailer is selling perishable goods with short expiry dates, it is important to prevent the LIFO effect on the consumers by limiting the number of batches of the products displayed on the shelves. This ensures that the retailer achieves the FIFO strategy in selling and reduces losses caused by the expiration of products on the shelves. This process also helps in handling the storage constraints in the store (Broekmeulen Bakx, 2010). Merchandise-line reviews This process involves the evaluation of the identified opportunities and challenges associated with the merchandise in the past. It also involves the formulation of solutions to the problems associated with the merchandise by looking at the solution derived in the past (What are the Key Elements of a Merchandise Planning System? 2015). Markdowns Markdowns are the levels of price reduction that the retai ler is forced to apply to the merchandise to respond to various constraints in the market. These constraints could be the availability of cheaper alternative products or bad assortment planning of the merchandise (Sayner, 2011). Retail Pricing Pricing objectives and policies Pricing objectives and policies influence the pricing of the products in a retail company. The pricing objective should be aligned with the strategic financial objectives of the retail company. The elasticity of consumer prices should be considered while setting the price objectives and policies (Varley, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Target return objective This is an investment tool that is used to determine the rate of financial returns that a retailer is looking to achieve from the merchandise. Profit Maximization Profit maximization is a technique used by retail companies to influence the attainment of the greatest profit on investments. It entails the manipulation of the prices of the products in the inventory to attain the highest profit margins (Varley, 2006). Skimming Skimming is a pricing strategy used by companies whereby they place the highest possible price for a commodity. As soon as the first client purchases the commodity at the set price, the company lowers the price to attract other customers (Varley, 2006). Pricing Strategies Pricing strategies are crucial in profit maximization because they determine the position of the products in a competitive retail industry. Companies must develop pricing strategies that foster the attainment of the greatest profit margins (Varley, 2006). Pricing below the market Pricing below the market is a strategy that entails offering products at prices that are below the standard market prices with the objective of enhancing the competitive power of the associated product. Pricing at market levels Pricing at market levels entails the development of a pricing strategy that matches set by other retailers in the industry. This pricing method is common for companies operating in a perfectly competitive market. Pricing above the market Pricing above the market entails developing a pricing strategy that places higher than normal prices of the products offered by a retailer. This technique is associated with the maximization of profits. Using Markups Markups are strategic tools used to raise the price of commodities when the demand increases. Markups entail adding specified rates for different commodities sold by a retailer. Markdown Management Markdown management entails the development of a control system to determine the minimum level of profit mar gins that the retail company is willing to obtain. Markdown management is essential in the development of pricing objective and policies because it entails the reduction of the prices of different products offered by a retailing company (Varley, 2006). Advertising and Promotion Advertising and promotion are indispensable factors in the management of retail operations. Advertising and promotion help retail companies to increase their market share by enhancing the awareness of the presence of their respective brands in the market (Belch Belch, 2011). Types of promotions Advertising Advertising in the retail industry is a viable strategy to communicate to potential clients and to create awareness of the existence of different products. Advertising helps companies to maintain and increase their market share. Advertising should be conducted in a persuasive manner to appeal to the target market (Belch Belch, 2011). Sales promotion Sales promotion is a strategy applied to increase the ra te of sales in a retail company. There are different methods of sales promotions, and their main aim is to entice consumers to increase the demand for a specific commodity (Belch Belch, 2011). Publicity Publicity involves the development of awareness of the existence of products. Publicity is a marketing strategy that increases the sales of specific products in a company, and it is widely used by retailers to introduce new products to the consumers. Personal selling Personal selling entails the use of a salesperson to sell products to potential customers. Personal selling is an effective strategy in marketing because it creates awareness of the existence of new products, and it also provides a platform for the retailer to persuade the target customers to purchase products. There are many strategies used in retail selling, but they follow specific steps. These steps include approaching the customer, determining the problem to solve for the customer, and presenting the merchandise to solve the problem. Making the sale and developing a relationship to open grounds for future sales are also important steps in the process (Belch Belch, 2011). Customer Service Customer service is a concept that encompasses all the services that a retailer provides to the customers in the retail store and other business platforms. Customer loyalty to companies is a function of the quality of services that the company offers. Customer services are normally provided to the consumers before they make a purchase, during the purchasing process and after the purchase is made. This provides a comprehensive coverage of services to keep the customer happy and satisfied. Customer care is a tool for adding value to the products offered by a retailer. Harnessing market share in a competitive market is difficult; hence, most retailers add value to their products by improving the quality of their customer services. This quality is facilitated by investing in training and development programs for the employees, and providing some extra free services to the customers. This may include free delivery of products (Belch Belch, 2011). Retail Selling Retail selling is the essence of doing business in the retail industry. It entails the development of a relationship with the customer and persuading the customer to assume a purchasing behavior that is beneficial to the company. Retail selling focuses on selling merchandise at the most profitable prices and quantity. Retail selling is associated with the sale of small quantities of merchandise to individual customers. The trick is to maintain a loyal market share that can help in the attainment of the objective of the company. Most retailers increase their selling rates by reducing the prices of their merchandise, and providing services that add value to the merchandise. The quality of the merchandise also plays a major role in retaining market share (Belch Belch, 2011). Store layout and design The layout and design of a retail st ore determine the number of sales and the type of products that consumers purchase. A good retailer must develop a store layout that facilitates the arrangement of products in different related categories. The layout should also aim at maximizing the available space. The merchandise should fit on the shelves available; hence space management is a crucial requirement. The design of the store determines the accessibility of the merchandise on display (Belch Belch, 2011). One of the best strategies used by retailers is the placement of enticing and new products near the entry of the store to attract customers. The design of the store should ensure that all the merchandise is clearly displayed. References Belch, G., Belch, M. (2011). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Broekmeulen, R. A. C. M., Bakx, C. H. M. (2010). In-store replenishment procedures for perishable inventory in a retail environment with handl ing costs and storage constraints. Web. Dunne, P., Lusch, R., Carver, J. (2013). Retailing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Sayner, R. (2011). Markups Markdowns. Web. Varley, R. (2006). Retail Product Management: Buying and Merchandising. London: Psychology Press. What are the Key Elements of a Merchandise Planning System? (2015). Web.

Chicago issue and trend Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chicago issue and trend - Research Paper Example In the process, it has resulted in a dramatic increase in the value of property leading to the greatest affordability crisis ever experienced in Chicago. Even a slight expectation of gentrification was considered a gentrifying factor to an extent that neighborhoods in areas such as the Southern Loop, Pilsen and Bronzeville were considered gentrified way before they actually became gentrified. The Great Chicago Fire that occurred in 1871 destroyed over 18,000 buildings and 2,000 acres of land. Though the destruction caused by the fire was very expensive, it can be argued that the most adverse effects were ultimately felt in those parts of the city that were not devoured by the flames.3 While the devastated Northern Side experienced what was referred to as the Great Rebuilding, majority of the Southern Side remained in its 19th century state. The two districts were divided by the Loop which is the city’s central business district. This act earned the South Side a reputation of b eing the wrong side of the loop. However, this notion is now being lifted from the South Loop. Over the last two decades, investment of billions of dollars in development has helped transform the area that was once run down into a high end residential area of the Loop. One of the driving forces that revitalized the Southern Loop was the 80-acre Central Station development. 4 This development is considered the largest mixed-use development in the history of the history. Central Station replaced the abandoned tracks of the former Illinois Central Railroad that dominated the Near Southern Side for over a century. Originally costing about $3 billion, the Central Station development has a floor area of14 million square feet. 5It comprises 8,000 rental and for-sale homes, offices, retail space hotels, and space for specialized commercial use. The rental component includes market-rate and senior living apartments. The size of the development, its location, and history make it an integral p art of the city’s plans regarding the South Loop. Timothy B. Desmond, who was the master developer and president of Central Station Development Corporation, described the South Loop as the fastest-growing area in Chicago. He further added that Central Station would serve to promote further growth. True to his word, the South Loop has continued to see momentous growth in infrastructure and development. The Central Station Development Corporation was a joint venture between Cleveland-based Forest City Enterprises,Inc and Chicago-based Fogelson Properties,Inc.6 After the1989 purchase of the IC rail yard that was vacant, Gerald Fogelson, who was the chairman of Fogelson Properties decided to team up with Forest City in development of the Central station. This move was advised by the fact that Forest City had over 80 years of experience in nationwide development projects. During the early 1990s,

Show the microeconomic principles involved in Ford Motor Companies Term Paper

Show the microeconomic principles involved in Ford Motor Companies recovery in the auto market compared to other American automa - Term Paper Example In addition, the microeconomic principle of competition has separately been taken into consideration as it would significantly help in identifying the recovery of the company in comparison to other American automakers. Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company (Ford) is one of the leading auto makers in the global automotive industry. The company operates firmly in two sectors i.e. the automotive industry and the financial services. The company is known to manufacture and distribute the vehicles across six continents. During the year 2012, the company sold approximately 5,668,000 cars in the automotive segment (The New York Times, 2013). As a result, the company was provided with an opportunity to earn $126,567 mn in revenues. The two most prominent brands that the company has to offers include Ford and Lincoln. In addition, the F-series trucks have also played an essential in the growth and success of the company in the local and international world (Ford, 2012). The mission statement o f the company clearly states that Ford aims to provide the customers with quality cars across the continents. This has significantly helped the organization in providing satisfaction beyond the imagination of the customers. To provide the customers with best quality cars, the company maintains mutual relationship with the essential dealers, suppliers and other business associates (The New York Times, 2013). Microeconomic Principles Needs and Wants Ford is one of the leading vehicle manufacturing organizations that focus highly on meeting the needs and wants of the customers. To effectively do so, the company design, build and sells cars along with utilities and trucks to provide the global customer base with vehicles that could satisfy the needs of the customers. Customers are the most crucial factors for the survival and growth of the organization across the globe due to which the needs and wants are taken into consideration in all the products and services offered by the company. Moreover, the company has always focused on meeting the needs of the customers by designing vehicles that cover the full spectrum of global automobile requirement. This significantly helps in attracting the customers towards the brands that Ford has to offer. As a result, the company is constantly provided with an opportunity to meet the needs and wants of the customers through variety of cars, utilities and trucks in the domestic, national and international market (Ford, 2012). Profits Profit is the foremost consideration of Ford. In earlier years of financial and economic crisis in United States, the company’s profit level declined significantly. With the passage of time, the company was consistently provided with opportunities to enhance the level of profits by attracting and selling the customers with quality cars, utilities and trucks (Ford, 2012). The company aims to enhance the performance of the company across the globe which will provide the company with significant opportunities to enhance its profit levels. Due to the constantly rising demands of the cars, utilities and trucks in the local and international market, the company reported significant increase in the level of profits. In the year 2010, the company reported net income of $6.6 billion in comparison of $2.7 billion in the year 2009 (Esch, 2011). The method of intra-platform price discrimination is one of the prominent methods used by Ford to optimize the profits of the company. The company is continually providing the customers with fuel efficient cars to enhance the financial strength of the company. This has significantly allowed the organization to attract the customers in the market which will

Organizational and Societal Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational and Societal Functions - Essay Example These, when clubbed are categorized as the Organizational and Societal arenas, where the PR man has to function. Public Relations is reaching out to the world to create an image of the company, its products and services so as to have a positive competitive impact, which in turn makes for a good long term bottom-line. Apart from the traditional public relations function of working with the media and exposing the good side of the organization, now the hectic pace of all the domestic and global industries demand the following functions too: The last, becoming more and more urgent and forceful as the organizations are impacting globally, by their multi-country locations. These generate a plethora of economic, social, cultural and even religious issues, which have to be resolved. 2. Relationship management - This demands great tactical skill that adequately addresses the strategies formulated, to be played right across the board. It is all inclusive and in dire need nothing is excluded. Traditionally the directions required are {a} Internal Within the organization and {b} External Outside the organization. 3. Media Relations - The core area of public relations is media relations. Efforts are desired to properly publicize products or the company to the members of the mass media TV and Radio, newspaper, magazine, newsletter and Internet. 4. Publicity - Products or events are to be successfully publicized when launched through various media and Brand Ambassadors or influencers. 5. Marketing communications - This focuses on the products or produce and/or services. Marketing communications {marcom} is primarily concerned with demand generation, product, produce and/or service positioning. 6. Employee relations - It begins with sharing of the corporate vision to enable every one in the organization, to work in tandem to successfully realize it. Build cordial relationship between the employer and the employee with the existence of mutual respect for each other. Derive immense benefits of team sprit to directly effect improved production, employee motivation, customer satisfaction and reputation of business. Public Relations 5 7. Investor relations - The larger the organization gets the more complex are the financial structuring. Therefore, most large companies, investor relations (IR) or financial public relations is a specialty in itself guided by specific disclosure regulations dictated

Case Study On The Rwanda Genocide History Essay

Case Study On The Rwanda Genocide History Essay In 1994, Rwandas population of seven million was composed of three ethnic groups: Hutu (approximately 85%), Tutsi (14%) and Twa (1%). In the beginning of the 1990s, Rwandas economic, political and social pressures were increasing. Consequently, Hutu extremists of the political elite accused the entire Tutsi minority population. Moreover, Tutsi civilians were also blamed of supporting the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) which was a Tutsi-dominated rebel group. By the end of 1992, president Habyarimana and his group increased divisions among Hutu and Tutsi using propaganda and clever political actions that were constant. In Kigali, a campaign of vengeance was introduced immediately by the presidential guard. As a result, leaders of the political opposition were killed, and almost instantly, the massacre of Tutsis. Within hours, recruits were sent rapidly throughout the country to carry out a wave of slaughter. On April 1994, President Habyarimana who was a Hutu was assassinated as the ai rplane prepared to land in Kigali. It was the catalyst for the Rwanda Genocide. Violence started almost instantly after that. Under the cover of war, Hutu extremists launched their plans for the destruction of the entire Tutsi civilian. In the weeks after April 6, 1994, 800, 000 men, children and women died in the Rwandan genocide, possibly as many as three quarters of the Tutsi population. Most of the dead were Tutsis and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus. At the same time, thousands of Hutu were murdered because they opposed the killing campaign and the forces directing it. The Rwanda Genocide should be examined to understand the concepts of preparing or justifying a war and how propaganda was used. Why did hundreds of thousands of Hutu, who had never before killed, take part in the slaughter? Media were used in Rwanda to spread hatred, to dehumanize people, and even to guide the genocidaires toward their victims to sanction the terrible human suffering that en sued. Many Rwandans couldnt read or write, as a result, radio was an essential method for the government to deliver messages to the population. Furthermore, the radio was an important technique for the government of transmitting messages to the population. The radio wasnt only an official voice of the state and a propaganda channel for the single party, it also helped connecting families whose relatives were faraway, The broadcast of deaths in the news so that relatives could return home for funerals. In March 1992, Radio Rwanda was first used in directly promoting the killing of Tutsi in a place called Bugesera, south of the national capital. Authorities used RTLM (Radio Tà ©là ©vision Libre des Mille Collines) and Radio Rwanda to encourage and direct killings both in those areas most eager to attack Tutsi and members of the Hutu opposition and in areas where the killings originally were resisted. They relied on both radios to incite and mobilize, then to give specific directions for ca rrying out the killings. The radio station soon became the voice of extremism because during the genocide it called for a total war in order to exterminate the cockroaches, the Tutsi [] Anti-Tutsi music dominated the radio. When foreign individuals started criticizing the genocide, RTLM attempted to maintain the legitimacy of the authorities by ignoring all negative comments and by reminding its listeners that all they had to do was to win the war and then foreign critics would not remember any crimes they had done. Furthermore, the media didnt focus on the details of the conflict but rather on the bodies and horror. Rwanda media, most notably Kangura and by August 1993, Radio Television Mille Collines (RTLM), openly advocated discrimination, persecution, and even extermination of Tutsis. In addition to the increasingly destructive propaganda against the Tutsi, the radio sent threats to attack on Hutu who were continuing to cooperate with the Tutsi. As a result, it used increasingly violent language. In some cases, the radio moved from general condemnation to naming specific people which included the Hutu prime minister, as enemies of the nation who should be eliminated one way or another from the public scene. Moreover, In December 1990, Kangura published an article titled Appeal to the Conscience of the Hutu which included the so called Ten Commandments. The article and the Ten Commandments portrayed the Tutsi as the enemy, as evil, dishonest and ambitious. Also, Kangura spread the notion that the Tutsi were preparing a genocidal war against the Hutu that would leave no survivors and that the RPF wanted to re-establish the Tutsi monarchy and enslave the Hutu. Rwandan newspapers looked very much alike in format and presentation. Most of them were tabloids; they have printed articles in Kinyarwanda which is the language spoken in Rwanda and used cartoons to portray political leaders. They watched each other closely and tried to imitate or outsmart each other. Consequently, examples of dehumanization could be found in many of these papers, including those associated with political opposition and the RPF. Editorials portrayed the Hutu as generous and naÃÆ' ¯ve. The Tutsi were portrayed as devious and aggressive. Kangura suggested that Tutsi women intentionally used their sexuality to lure Hutu men into sex in order to promote ethnic dominance of the Tutsi over the Hutu. The hate speech from the media helped to develop and maintain a Hutu mind-set in which ethnic hatred was common political ideology. RTLMs animators also implicated ordinary listeners in the activities of the genocide; farmers at roadblocks or on the street were frequently interviewed, and RTLM employed techniques that acted on relations among listeners. Additionally, the media served the narrow political ends of their owners by playing on the ordinary Hutus fear of dispossession, violence and displacement. To do this the media relied heavily on half-truths and sometimes complete lies and threats. The Rwanda genocide left many devastating consequences. Both children and adults faced catastrophic psychological damage, those who saw atrocities, those who were forced to commit them, and those who were victims of attack.   As a result, many of these victims remain disfigured and handicapped, which makes daily life a struggle not only physically but psychologically as well. The economy and education system are extremely slow to recover.   Most children are not attending school.   Rwandans are struggling to make a living and survive despite the failing economy. They are facing extreme poverty and starvation and with little education they are not developing as a nation; the children are the leaders of the future, but with little education that future looks depressing.

The History Of The Internet :: essays research papers

The History of the Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greg Rice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4/25/00 The Internet has update the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information distribution, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. To get to the origins of the Internet, we have to go back in time to 1957. You probably have no cause to remember, but it was International Geophysical Year, a year dedicated to gathering information about the upper atmosphere during a period of intense solar activity. Eisenhower announced in 1955 that, as part of the activities, the USA hoped to launch a small Earth orbiting satellite. Then Kremlin announced that it hoped to do likewise. Planning in America was focussed on a sophisticated three stage rocket, but in Russia they took a more direct approach, on 4 October 1957 the USSR launched (a 70 kgs bleeping sphere the size of a medicine ball) into Earth orbit. The effect in the United States was electrifying, since it seemed overnight to wipe out the feeling on invulnerability the country had enjoyed since the explosion of the first nuclear bomb thirteen years before. One of the immediate reactions was the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency within the Ministry of De fense. Its mission was to apply state-of-the-art technology to US defense and to avoid being surprised (again!) by technological advances of the enemy. It was also given interim control of the US satellite program until the creation of NASA in October 1958. ARPA became the technological think-tank of the American defense effort, employing directly a couple of hundred top scientists and with a budget sufficient for sub-contracting research to other top American institutions.

Compare and Contrast Suffering Shown in Six Poems Essay

The first thing you think when you are told the word suffering is torturing and death and yes this is a big aspect of the topic and it is included in the poem mother in a refugee camp by Chinua Achebe but there is also other parts of it that is not just physical but involves mental suffering and it is this section that is rarely associated with the word in question, Hide and seek by Vernon Scannell is a good example of how this piece comes into play. From this evidence we can explore different forms of suffering and by the time I have reached my conclusion we will have a better understanding of the term. To help us get a better perspective of the word I have used three main poems that demonstrate different elements of suffering War photographer is a poem by carol ann Duffy and he is looking through the pictures he has taken and looking back on their deaths he also talks about how the public react and their lack of care and understanding and what individual has gone through to get just one picture. You can also look at the poem Dulce ET decorum EST which is similar in that it involves the public, Wilfred Owen was a writer from world war one and he disliked how war was displayed to the public that everyone was a hero and they always won. So Owen met some friends and they wrote poems about what the war was really like and this is where he wrote this poem and in it uses the phrase â€Å"the old lie Dulce et Decorum Est Propatria Mori†, In war photographer instead of showing the public the reality of war through poetry he has done it through vivid images that really hit the public and show them what war is really like and although they are separated by almost a 100 years you can see how they are connected. From the start of war photographer you get the feeling of quietness and solitude and if you had to link this with a colour it is quite possible that most people will say something along the lines of blue or green but Carol Ann Duffy has used the colour red and somehow connected it to quietness the colour red is mentioned as it was the colour used when developing a photograph so the room had to be pitch black with the faint red glow. Another example that gives the poem the feeling of tranquillity is the line that uses a religious example. A priest preparing to intone a mass† this technique has also been used in ‘War photographer.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Madonna and child could touch†, this is referring to Mary and her son Jesus in the bible and is used as a sign of peace and love which is how the mother in this poem feels towards her dying child. The religious mention in ‘war photographer also represents peace but in this is example it is more to do with the quietness as the photos are developed. he phrase used in the second line is used to represent the people in front of the firing squad waiting to be shot â€Å"spools of suffering set out in ordered rows† and he has used the word suffering in this line as you can imagine the pain of knowing you are about to die and yet you are hopeless in terms of the outcome there is another example where hopelessness is mentioned and this is in ‘Dulce et decorum est’ when there is an â€Å"Ecstasy of fumbling† as everyone tries to put there gas mask on and the one guy who is a bit slow who runs out of time, this guy was helpless to what was going to happen to him is exactly like the men standing up against the firing squad as they are both powerless On the next line Duffy uses four lines to start of the poem and yet there are four full stops, this is to e mphasise on each of the areas mentioned that he has been to and taken pictures of war and it makes the reader pause and think about each individual word, â€Å"Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh†. The last line of the Stanza is taken from the bible â€Å"all flesh is grass† there is dying and suffering everywhere.  As you read onto the next stanza Duffy talks about the war photographer going home to Rural England he has used caesura here again and it has been used to make â€Å"Rural England† sound really blunt and plain and she says â€Å"to fields that don’t explode beneath the feet of running children in a nightmare heat† this makes you think how much suffering there would be in the world if it was all like these places Beirut and Phnom Penh and the planet was a war zone. On the last stanza Duffy talks about a hundred agonies in black and white and it is said that black and white photographs are the most powerful and effective forms of capturing the moment of suffering. This poem has a very effective ending and it is going back to what I said at the start â€Å"From the aeroplane he stares impassively at where he earns his living and they do not care† and she is talking about the public and what they have all gone through to get these photographs all for maybe five or six that will be picked out to be published and used in tomorrows newspaper and yet when they read it as he says they do not care. This is not the only poem that has a really effective ending many of the poems have a really strong ending to put there point across, and to make the reader feel emotion towards the victim of suffering. Seamus Heaney’s Mid term break has left a line all by itself to serve as the ending, Mid term Break is about an older brother who has come back to school to find that his younger brother has been hit by a car and it is about how the older brother reacts to this experience, this piece of poetry is autobiographical so it makes the storyline even more moving. A four foot box a foot for every year† this line puts the poem in to perspective when you think just how small this child is and helpless he was, this comes back to the point made in ‘War Photographer’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ and you can see this part plays a big role as it very important and is one of the most frequent forms of suffering. Vernon Scannell has used a sense of mystery just like war photographer it doesn’t mention any names but it says â€Å"but where are they who sought you? You do not know who the people were same as in war photographer . Hide and seek is all about playing a typical childhood game that everyone knows about and it is through the eyes of a small child and how quickly excitement can turn to a type of suffering. This means of seeing the world through the eyes of a child can be very effective in portraying loneliness and this is exactly what this poet is trying to exploit in using a younger victim. Throughout the start of the poem the writer has expressed the boys excitement using various methods the first technique Scannell has used is the rhyming couplets every forth and fifth line to show just how eager he is to play the game and to win and outsmart his friends also the writer has used caesura, this has been used when there is a change in tension â€Å"Don’t breathe. Don’t move. Stay dumb. Hide in your blindness. † This has been used when the seekers are just at the door to the shed and there is a sudden tense moment when he realises that he must stay quiet to not be caught. Then unexpectedly there is a time jump and we now have this change in atmosphere as the boy is suddenly at a discomfort â€Å"the dark damp smell of sand moves in your throat† also Scannell helps us feel empathy towards the boy as even the weather seems to be against him â€Å"the cold bites through your coat† whereas you had the feeling of warmth at the start where he talks about a beach which is not associated with the cold. Then you get the feeling of excitement again suddenly as he reveals himself only to be brought back down again as he finds out that there is no-one there and everyone has gone and this is where you get the feeling of loneliness which is directly related to suffering and is used in other poems such as half past two by U. A. Thanthorpe. Half past two is about a seemingly sweet and innocent boy who is almost in a dream state throughout the poem and is about him â€Å"escaping into the clockless land†. U. A. Thanthorpe has also used the technique of seeing the world through the mind of a child to portray loneliness just as Scannell has done in his poem. There comes no worse than a death of a child especially your own, you may say this poem demonstrates death more intensely than war photographer or Wilfred Owens poem this is similar to Mid term break where Seamus Heaney talks about the death of a younger brother and they are similar in that a child is used to amplify the sympathy from the reader. Although Heanny’s poem is autobiographical you can say that mother in a refugee camp displays a more depressing feeling as the little child is not the only one suffering as everyone in the refugee camp is almost suffering equally and some of the mothers have even given up on their Childs and the one person you usually look to for comfort is your mother and to not have that support is a disheartening thought. And this really creates an empathy link between the reader and this mother and the victims of this dreadful area in which the whole place is enclosed by death. Achebe uses techniques just as the other poets have, to express torturing in the poem. The main thing he has used is vivid imagery which is a excellent method of really painting a picture in the readers mind about what it would have been like, â€Å"Behind blown empty bellies† he has also used alliteration so once you understand this picture that he is portraying it also sticks in your mind so that you don’t forget it. Then you really start to feel the mothers love for her child near the end as she uses the phrase ‘humming in her eyes’ which suggest she is close to tears and this is a really emotional part of the story and then Achebe really ends the story effectively â€Å"like putting flowers on a tiny grave† this means that even though she knows her son is going to pass away she still feels the love for him that any mother will always do. And this phrase really helps you sympathise with the mother and Ac hebe has helped us understand how she is really feeling and the suffering that she feels inside. So as you can see these six different poets have expressed their feelings on suffering in lots different ways in their poems. Suffering can come in many forms. The ones used in this poem are just a few of the many aspects of suffering. It can come in the form of death and war which was what was used in most of the poems and you can say this is the most extreme form but as I have proved suffering can also come in the form of loneliness and helplessness which is not what you would first expect when you think of suffering, but when you look into it more closely you get a greater understanding of the word and how it can be expressed differently for different situations.

Global Health and IT Solutions

Global Health and IT Solutions Executive Summary In the current society, the number of older people is gradually increasing and these seniors are in most cases living alone. As a consequence, they suffer intense feelings of loneliness that cause common medical problems observed among the older population. Previous studies have shown that older people are afraid of being alone and this causes anxiety and loneliness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Health and IT Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of their deteriorating health and mental and physical abilities, they are at times unable to perform the normal daily routines essential for their lives. These feelings of loneliness or the isolation of the older citizens can cause serious challenges in their lives and therefore the health of such people deteriorates very fast and can die sooner than they could have. Over the past decade, there have been great advances in the field of information technology and these changes have greatly revolutionized the way people interact, work and carry out their daily duties. The internet communication and personal gadgets have transformed services to people and that people are now enjoying easier and faster access to things via digital means. However, in the ages over 65, people seem not to consider new technology as useful for survival and performing important tasks. Introduction Topic Area A very large number of older people report that they do not use even the internet. This bring a great challenge to the fact that it is this basic digital technology that can help solve the problems of the older people’s isolation like developing and maintain social networks and participating in the communities and conducting their private lives actively (Findlay 2003, p. 650). Technology use among the older people has a great potential of bringing great social benefit to the older people like participation (Pollack 200 5, p. 10). This proposal is set to demonstrate that technology has the potential and the ability of enabling older people in their bid of renewing and developing social contact and actively involving their lives. Having considered all this, the use of IT technology can offer older people a chance to engage in meaningful work and other task essential in life (Rogers Fisk, 2006, p. 39).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interaction with family and friends will be renewed and these older people can discover and build up skills as well as gather experience. Research Questions The study will be based on the hypothesis that the information technology advances and innovativeness can offer older people with a means of actively interacting with other people and participating actively in other personal activities (Independent Age 2010, p. 10). This technology will enable prevention of the feelings of isolation among older people so that they do not suffer loneliness and social seclusion (Victor et al 2005, p. 358). The impact of isolation and loneliness is caused by a number of causes including retirement, deteriorating physical and mental health and bereavement (Independent Age 2010, p. 10). The core questions that have inspired this study include; How can IT technology be used in the prevention and alleviation of the feeling of social seclusion and loneliness among senior citizens over 65 years? What potential does the IT have to enable older people to develop and maintain social contact and active involvement in the society, both which are the main elements of wellbeing and happiness? (Zijlstra Aminian 2008, p. 4) Governments across the world especially the developed nations are making it a priority to invest in technology that would improve the access to new technology by older people as well as those living with disabilities (Pollack 2005, p. 10). The major question emerging from this is ‘to what end is digital participation going to take place? More specifically, this bring the third question Is there any sufficient rationally given to the use of IT to address challenges of older people? (Independent Age 2010, p. 10) Does this strategy really provide a meaningful social interaction and involvement? Objectives of Study The research will seek to fulfil several objectives which at the end of it all will enable older people to be active in the society and alleviate social isolation feelings (Findlay 2003, p. 650). Nonetheless, the research will also seek to address the use of IT as a threat to health and general welfare of older people. Older usually present several weaknesses like hearing loss, impaired vision, memory lapse, physical weakness, and poor health; From this, the study draws the main objective which is to do away with the view that older people are weak, depended and incapable of managing their lives (Independent Age 2010, p. 10).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Health and IT Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other goal will include ensuring that people live longer, healthy and satisfying lives; and that older generation also participant in the society actively. Lack of social contact and involvement is a dimension of seclusion and the study will seek to alleviate this exclusion. Moreover, exclusion and loneliness contributes to high prevalence of mental problems like depression. This study will also seek to alleviate the health problems facing older people like stress and depression (Independent Age 2010, p. 17). Literature Review Innovative IT Application for Older Users IT application can be used to enable older people to escape such social isolation (Findlay 2003, p. 652). This is a very reasonable hypothesis and a timely research especially that the current society relies on techno logy for fast and cheap means of interaction with friends, family and even work (Charness et al 2007, p. 249). Many people usually develop great social networks through technology advances and this supplements periodic direct contact with people of shared interests (Victor et al 2005, p. 359). This proposal purports that technology provides the needed solutions to older people. It will hence seek to explore the barriers to the application of IT and later the study will be used to devise recommendations on the best way of applying this theme in future. This paper proposes the following ways of helping the older people to continue living independently and stay active in the society. Social Communication technologies: the use of IT can offer simple use of telephone and video communication like broadband technologies. This will enable older people to keep in touch with family and friends hence eliminating the feeling of seclusion. Note that many people over 65 year across the world live alone (Victor et al 2005, p. 359).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Security and Safety Gadgets: there has been great step up is security technologies and Smart house technology can help in ensuring that the house is secure (close doors and windows) at night or when a person leaves the house (Cheek et al 2005, p. 331). This technology and devices can also other things around the house like gas and water leaks and turning off unwanted lights. Plus, automatic alarms can go off to remind or call for help (Rogers Fisk 2006, p. 39). Shopping, travelling and Social services access: the internet technology currently allows online purchase of items and many businesses also offer home delivery. This way, older people can access public services through online technology and shop for whatever things they need with relying on others Reminders: Memory lapse is a serious challenge for the older people and the problems gets worse with age. By using programmed digital reminders, the elderly van have a schedule for the day and also set alarms for important activiti es like taking medication or doing a household task (Zijlstra Aminian 2008, p. 4) Mobility and User Friendly interface: mobile solution devices can be used together with GPS and other sensors for crucial signs to help older people to move around and be able to access alarm button in case of emergency or deteriorating vital signs (Lezzoni et al 2001, p. 238). Besides, many types of equipment at home and around the compound can be designed to meet the needs of older people like impaired eyesight, mobility and hearing. For the purposes of this research the initials ‘IT’ will be used to refer to these five technologies of overcoming old age challenges. Old age brings a lot of complications especially physical and mental capability challenges (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 91). Besides, the issue of social isolation is a serious concern being caused by several factors including death of spouse, poor sight and hearing sense, chronic medical problems and scattering of family mem bers (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 91). Despite the cause, the consequences can have a great toll on the life of older people who form a big percentage of the normal population. Ambient Assisted Living The has been development of a system that is known as the â€Å"Ambient Assisted Living† and it refers to the phenomenon where information technology is used to carry out personal activities on daily duties and work making the individual stay active and socially productive (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 93; Charness et al 2007, p. 249). Essentially, the use of ICT to ensure independent living among older people can be as simple as the use of an alarm or digital reminders to taking medicine and so on (Rogers Fisk 2006, p. 39). However, technology use can be as sophisticated as to employ a system that can project the time when a person has highest risk of falling (Lezzoni et al 2001, p. 238). Such is however, applicable when there has been a great loss of individual independence. Des pite technology being very simple or complex, the principle of this ambient technology has been that technology has to serve the user. Methodology Method and Design The study will be set to investigate some of the innovative means of applying IT to provide the elderly with ways of dealing with their challenges that come with old age. The study will be descriptive and will employ both the qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate some ground-breaking technologies of engaging older people in community and personal lives. The investigator will conduct some literature search to find out literature that addresses technology that has been used for these purposes. This is the secondary search. Besides the investigator will conduct primary study on real participants who use IT for managing their lives. Data Collection The researcher will interview participants regarding their quality of life as they utilize IT for their personal daily activities and keeping contact with f riends and families. The outcomes will be analyzed against the control group which is a group of older people who do not use technology for their daily activities. Data Analysis For the systematic literature review, the investigator will use recursive abstractions to analyze the data collected so as to come up with the relevant summaries for the proposal. The qualitative data is hence interpreted without making codes and picking relevant topics for study. The questionnaires will be checked for completeness, consistency and accuracy before leaving the location of study. The data will be entered into a computer and sorted. The researcher will be analyze the data by use of the computer software including Microsoft excel and SPSS. These tools are very useful for analyzing descriptive statistics. Significance of Study As a society today, there has been increased survival of older people due to better healthcare systems and lifestyle. As such, the developed nations have greater numbers of older citizens. However, this elderly population has been facing challenges of dependence, loneliness, and social isolation as most live alone (Findlay, 2003, p. 653). As the IT develops further, the society today depends on technology for a lot of assistances like cure of diseases, dealing with crime and achieving vitality among elderly people. The study will contribute deeper to the use of IT to address the social challenges that the elderly face. It is purported that IT will have a positive impact on the functioning of older people in their homes thus removing the notion that they are always dependent (Sixsmith et al 2009, p. 234). This technology will also help them to stay in touch or keep contact with friends and family. The older people can as well participate in community activities by working. This project will seek to make technology use a normal thing, reduce stigma on older people and offer social support that have previously been overlooked (Victor et al 2005, p. 363). When proper use of IT is made possible at home, this would be a much cheaper and a secure way of caring for the old than using institutional care. When the elderly are independent and actively participating in the community, it means family member will have more time to attend other economically beneficial activities hence meaning that the society more productive (Charness et al 2007, p. 249). This also means that there will be less medical costs as the old will be more health and in case they are on medication, they are like to adhere to it full by help of IT (reminders etc). Therefore health cost will drastically reduce. Conclusion With many people in developed nations like the UK and US living longer, the number of people above age 65 has skyrocketed. A considerable number are even aged 85 and above. Ensuring that these longer lives are healthier and still satisfying is the grand challenge the world has to face. IT experts are working hard to ensure that the aging population of today and the future can protract their vitality. This proposal study suggests ways of helping the older people to live independently as much as possible and enable them stay involved in the community and at work. The study also offers ways of helping care givers to provide better care and also this will seek to explore the diverse needs of older people. For the older people, small issues like poor eyesight and short-term memory lapses can rapidly exacerbate to be big problems like loss of home and total dependence on others. A stay at nursing home or adapting a whole system of assisted living is very expensive but this paper seeks to offer simple, cheap, innovative and sustainable IT technologies to help older people remain independent an making sure their homes assist and not hamper them. The use of IT will transform homes into ‘supplement minds’ for the seniors and it would bridge the gap that exists between the cognitive needs and the capabilities of the old. In ess ence an aware home greatly builds independence. Reference List Charness, N., Czaja, S., and Sharit, J., 2007, Age and Technology For Work. In K.S. Schultz, And G.A. Adams (Eds.), Aging And Work In the 21st Century, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers Cheek, P. Nikpour, L , Nowlin, H., 2005. Aging Well With Smart Technology. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29, Issue 4, pp. 329-338 Findlay, R. A., 2003. Interventions To Reduce Social Isolation Amongst Older People: Where Is The Evidence? Ageing Society, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 647–658. Lezzoni, L., McCarthy, E., Davis, R., Siebens. H., 2001. Mobility Difficulties Are Not Only A Problem Of Old Age,’ Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 235-243. Independent Age, 2010. Older People, Technology And Community The Potential Of Technology To Help Older People Renew Or Develop Social Contacts And To Actively Engage In Their Communities. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation McCreadie, C., T inker, A., 2005. The Acceptability of Assistive Technology to Older People. Ageing And Society, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 91-110 Pollack, M., 2005. Intelligent Technology for an Aging Population: The Use of AI to Assist Elders with Cognitive Impairment. AI Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 9-24 Rogers, W.A., Fisk, A.D., 2006. Cognitive Support For Elders Through Technology, Generations. Journal Of The American Society on Aging, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 38-43 Sixsmith, A. et al., 2009. SOPRANO – An Ambient Assisted Living System For Supporting Older People At Home. Ambient Assistive Health And Wellness Management In The Heart Of The City, Vol. 5597, pp 233-236 Victor, C.R., Scambler, S. J., Bowling, A., Bond, J., 2005. The Prevalence Of, And Risk Factors For, Loneliness in Later Life: A survey of older people in Great Britain. Ageing and Society, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 357–375 Zijlstra, V., Aminian, K., 2008. Mobility Assessment in Older People: New Possibilities and Challenges. Eur opean Journal of Aging. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-12.